🔹 Definition

Taxonomy = science of naming, identifying & classifying organisms
Groups organisms based on similar characteristics

🔹 Father of Taxonomy

Carl Linnaeus
- Introduced Binomial Nomenclature (two-name system)

🔹 Five Kingdom Classification (1969)

Proposed by R. H. Whittaker
Kingdoms:
1. Monera
2. Protista
3. Fungi
4. Plantae
5. Animalia

🦠 KINGDOM MONERA

🔹 Key Features

Unicellular, Prokaryotic
No nuclear membrane
No membrane-bound organelles
Cell wall made of peptidoglycan
Reproduction: Binary fission / spores

🔹 Examples

Bacteria
Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)
Mycoplasma

🔹 Special Points

Mycoplasma → smallest cells, no cell wall
Cyanobacteria → photosynthetic, produce oxygen
Rhizobium → nitrogen fixation
Archaebacteria → extremophiles (hot springs, salty areas)

🧫 KINGDOM PROTISTA

🔹 Key Features

Unicellular, Eukaryotic
Mostly aquatic
Some autotrophic, some heterotrophic

🔹 Examples

Amoeba
Paramecium
Euglena
Diatoms

🔹 Important

Can reproduce sexually & asexually
Malaria caused by Plasmodium

🍄 KINGDOM FUNGI

🔹 Key Features

Eukaryotic, Heterotrophic
No chlorophyll
Nutrition: Saprophytic / Parasitic
Reproduction: sexual & asexual

🔹 Examples

Yeast
Molds
Mushrooms

🔹 Important Terms

Mycology → study of fungi
Hyphae → filamentous structure
Mycorrhiza → fungi + plant symbiosis
Lichen → fungi + algae association

🌿 KINGDOM PLANTAE

🔹 Key Features

Multicellular, Eukaryotic
Cell wall = cellulose
Autotrophic (photosynthesis)

🔹 Divisions

Algae
Bryophyta
Pteridophyta
Gymnosperms
Angiosperms

🔹 Special Plants

Insectivorous → Pitcher plant
Xerophytes → desert plants (cactus)
Hydrophytes → aquatic plants
Halophytes → salt-tolerant
Epiphytes → grow on other plants (orchids)

🔹 Important Facts

Potato → stem (tuber)
Ginger → rhizome
Sweet potato → root
Papaya → contains enzyme papain
Onion → tears due to sulfur compounds

🐾 KINGDOM ANIMALIA

🔹 Key Features

Multicellular, Eukaryotic
Heterotrophic
Mostly motile
Reproduce sexually

🔹 Classification Highlights

Arthropoda → largest phylum (insects, spiders, crabs)
Insects → 3 body parts, 3 pairs of legs
Arachnids → 4 pairs of legs (spiders, scorpions)

🔹 Important Animals

Blue whale → largest animal
Dolphin → intelligent aquatic mammal
Bat → only flying mammal
King Cobra → longest venomous snake

🔹 Temperature Types

Warm-blooded → birds & mammals
Cold-blooded → reptiles, fish, amphibians

🌍 ECOLOGICAL ROLES

Producers → plants (make food)
Consumers → animals
Decomposers → fungi & bacteria

⚡ QUICK REVISION TABLE

Kingdom	Cell Type	Organization	Example
Monera	Prokaryotic	Unicellular	Bacteria
Protista	Eukaryotic	Unicellular	Amoeba
Fungi	Eukaryotic	Mostly multi	Mushroom
Plantae	Eukaryotic	Multicellular	Plants
Animalia	Eukaryotic	Multicellular	Humans

FAQs

1. Biologists have so far known, found and identified a large number of species in the plant and animal kingdom. In terms of numbers, the largest found and identified so far is from among the :- Insects

2. Bacteria can be seen by :– Compound microscope

Condiser the correct statements

(A) : Some bacteria can synthesize their own food.

(B) : Phototrophic bacteria do not have chloroplast.

Ans :- Both are correct

4. Which statement about bacteria is correct :

(a) Bacteria are single-celled microbes. They are unicellular organisms consists of prokaryotic cell.

(b) Their cell structure is simple than that of other organisms as there is no nucleus or membrane bound organelles.

(d) Bacteria in the digestive system also supply needed vitamins like biotin and vitamin K and are our primary source for some of these nutrients.

Ans. All of the above

5. The smallest organism, capable of autonomous growth and reproduction, is :- Mycoplasma

6. Consider the correct statements

Amoeba is an unicellular organism which has the ability to alter its shape, primarily by extending and retracting pseudopods. Amoeba reproduces by fission.

(b) Binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction practiced by unicellular organisms in which the parent cell divides into two daughter cells.

Paramecium) are capable of both asexual and sexual reproduction

Ans :- All of the above

7. Consider the following :

1. Bacteria 2. Fungi 3. Virus

Which of the above can be cultured in artificial/synthetic medium?

(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans. (a) 1 and 2 only

8. Warm-blooded animals are those which are able to keep their body temperature :- Constant temp. all time

9. Which statements are correct?

(a) Most animals of phylum Echinodermata are oviparous and only some of them are viviparous.

(b) Roundworm has no circulatory system.

(d) In cartilaginous fishes, fertilization is internal.

Ans. All of the above

10. Which creatures have no blood but respires ?

(a) Hydra (b) Cockroach (c) Earthworm (d) Fish

Ans. (a) Hydra

11. Of the following which one is not a fish?

(a) Starfish (b) Sawfish (c) Pipefish (d) Guitarfish

Ans. (a) Starfish

12. Of the following, which one is a true fish ?

(a) Silverfish (b) Crayfish (c) Jellyfish (d) Catfish

Ans. (d) Catfish

13. Which one of the following is a true fish?

(a) Starfish (b) Jellyfish (c) Hagfish (d) Seahorse

Ans. (d) Seahorse

14. How many bones are in Shark Fish?

(a) 100 (b) 0 (c) 200 (d) 300

Ans. (b) 0

15. Which is the largest mammal?

(a) Whale (b) African Elephant (c) Hippopotamus (d) Polar bear

Ans. (a) Whale

16. Which of the following species is the largest of the ‘toothed-whales’?

(a) Finback whale (b) Blue whale (c) Sperm whale (d) Humpback whale

Ans. (c) Sperm whale

17. Which among the following one lays eggs and does not produce young ones directly?

(a) Echidna (b) Kangaroo (c) Porcupine (d) Whale

Ans. (a) Echidna

18. Mammal capable in flying is :- Bat

19. Amongst the following flying organisms, which one does not belong to the group, Aves?

(a) Bat (b) Crow (c) Eagle (d) Parrot

Ans. (a) Bat

20. Consider the following animals –

1. Sea cow 2. Seahorse 3. Sea lion

Which of the above is/are mammal/mammals?

(a) Only 1 (b) 1 and 3 (c) 2 and 3 (d) All of these

Ans. (b) 1 and 3

21. Dolphins are classified in –

(a) Fish (b) Amphibians (c) Reptile (d) Mammals

Ans. (d) Mammals

22. seal is the species of :- mammal

23. Amphibia are :– Animals living equally in water and on land both

24. Which organism among these breaths from skin :– Frog

25. Frogs are cold-blooded animals :– True

26. During the metamorphosis of frog :– Intestine is shortened

27. Gavialis crocodile are mostly found in :- Ganga

28. Which is an atrocious animal :- Otter

29. Consider the following animals :

1. Hedgehog 2. Marmot 3. Pangolin

To reduce the chance of being captured by predators, which of the above organisms rolls up/roll up and protects/protect its/their vulnerable parts?

(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 only (c) 3 only (d) 1 and 3

Ans. (d) 1 and 3

30. Which varieties of dogs is unable to bark :- Dingo

31. The bear commonly performing on streets is :– Sloth bear

32. Which of the following is not one of the animals that has been taught to use language with some success?

(a) Chimpanzee (b) Parrot (c) Dog (d) Dolphin

Ans. (c) Dog

33. Which property separate a man/human from apes :- Evince a desire to learn

34. Among the following, which one is not an ape?

(a) Gibbon (b) Gorilla (c) Langur (d) Orangutan

Ans.(c) Langur

35. Smallest man-like ape is :

(a) Gibbon (b) Chimpanzee (c) Gorilla (d) Orangutan

Ans. (a) Gibbon

36. The Panda belongs to the same family as that of :

(a) Bear (b) Cat (c) Dog (d) Rabbit

Ans. (a) Bear

37. Which one of the following animals have three chambered heart?

(a) Monkey (b) Crocodile (c) Fish (d) Frog

Ans. (d) Frog

38. Three chambered heart is found in :

(a) Mammals (b) Birds (c) Amphibians (d) Pisces

Ans. (c) Amphibians

39. Which out of the following does not have a gallbladder?

(a) Camel (b) Giraffe (c) Rat (d) Fish

Ans. (all)

40. In which of the following animals hooves are not found?

(a) Deer (b) Jackal (c) Zebra (d) Horse

Ans. (b) Jackal

41. Nilgai belongs to the following family :– Deer

42. Match List-I (Indian wild life species) with List-II (Scientific names) and select the correct answer using the codes given below :

List-I (Indian Wildlife Species) List-II (Scientific Names)

A. Asiatic wild ass 1. Equus hemionus

B. Barasingha 2. Cervus duvauceli

C. Chinkara 3. Gazella bennetti

D. Nilgai 4. Boselaphus tragocamelus

Ans :- 1 2 3 4

43. Match List-I with List-II and choose the right answer from the given code –

List-I (Symptoms) List-II (Creature)

A. Wingless insect 1.Silverfish

B. Flight less birds 2. Kiwi

C. Limbless Reptiles 3. Snakes

D. Lungless creature 4. Fish

Ans :- 1 2 3 4

44. Kiwi is :– Flightless bird found only in New Zealand

45. Which of the following is of organic origin ?

(a) Coral (b) Emerald (c) Ruby (d) Topaz

Ans. (a) Coral

46. Octopus is :– A mollusc

47. The largest invertebrate is :– Squid

48. Among the following organisms, which one does not belong to the class of other three?

(a) Crab (b) Mite (c) Scorpion (d) Spider

Ans. (a) Crab

49. White leg-horn is a variety of :– Fowl

50. Ticks and mites are actually :– Arachnids

51. Termites are also known as :– White ants

52. Glow-worm is :– An insect

53. The presence of parasites within parasites is a phenomenon known as :– Hyperparasitism

54. Which one of the following is not an insect ?

(a) Bed bug (b) Spider (c) House fly (d) Mosquito

Ans. (b) Spider

55. Spiders are different from insects because they have :– Eight legs

The silk produced by spiders is called :– Gossamer silk

57. At which stage in its life cycle, does the silkworm yield the fibre of commerce :- Pupa

58. Silkworm grows on :– Mulberry leaves

59. Which one of the following is a secretion from the body of an insect ?

(a) Pearl (b) Coral (c) Lac (d) Gum

Ans. (c) Lac

60. Which of the following organisms has white blood?

(a) Lizard (b) Cockroach (c) House bug (d) Mosquito

Ans. (b) Cockroach

61. How do most insects respire :- By tracheal system

62. Consider the following statements :

1. Tapeworm is a hermaphrodite. 2. Roundworm has separate sexes.

3. Filaria is caused by a nematode. 4. Guineaworm is an annelid.

Which of these are correct ?

(a) 1 and 2 (b) 1, 2 and 3 (c) 3 and 4 (d) 2, 3 and 4

Ans. (b) 1, 2 and 3

63. Which of the following are detritivores?

1. Earthworms 2. Jellyfish 3. Millipedes 4. Seahorses 5. Woodlice

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

(a) 1, 2 and 4 only (b) 2, 3, 4 and 5 only (c) 1, 3 and 5 only (d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

Ans. (c) 1, 3 and 5 only

64. Which is a filter feeder :- Oyster

65. Which of the following group of animals are nocturnal animals?

(a) Housefly, Bedbug, Parrot (b) Mosquito, Bat, Owl (c) Mosquito, Sparrow, Deer (d) Owl, Bats, Dog

Ans. (b) Mosquito, Bat, Owl

66. Which of the following has the largest brain in proportion to its body size?

(a) Ant (b) Elephant (c) Dolphin (d) Human Being

Ans. (a) Ant

67. When ants bite, they inject :– Formic acid

68. Consider the following statements about mosquitoes :

1. Only males suck blood 2. Only females suck blood

3. Females suck plant juices 4. Females have bigger wings than males

5. The male mosquitoes do not suck blood, they survive by feeding on flowers and fruit juices.

Of these :

Only 2 , 4 , are correct. (b) Only 1 and 2 are correct.

Ans. (a) Only 2 , 4 , 5 are correct.

69. Which one of the following animals stores water in the intestine?

(a) Moloch (b) Camel (c) Zebra (d) Uromastix

Ans. (b) Camel

70. In which one of the following kinds of organisms is the phenomenon found wherein the female kills the male after copulation?

Dragonfly (b) Honeybee (c) Spider (d) Pit Viper

Ans. (c) Spider

71. King Cobra is the only snake that makes its own nest. Why does it make its nest?

Ans. It is an oviparous snake and lays its eggs in the nest and guards the nest until they are hatched

72. The venom of cobra is :– Neurotoxic

73. For which one of the following snakes is the diet mainly composed of other snakes?

(a) Krait (b) Russell’s viper (c) Rattlesnake (d) King Cobra

Ans. (d) King Cobra

74. Which snake of the following is nonpoisonous?

(a) Cobra (b) Viper (c) Coral-Snake (d) Python

Ans. (d) Python

75. Poison gland of snakes is homologous to –

(a) Electric organ of fishes (b) Stings of rays

Ans. (d) Salivary gland of vertebrates

76. Poisonous fangs of a snake are modified form of :

(a) Mandibular teeth (b) Palatine teeth (c) Canine teeth (d) Maxillary teeth

Ans. (d) Maxillary teeth

77. Which among the following animals excretes solid urine?

(a) Kangaroo rat (b) Giraffe (c) Squirrel (d) Crow

Ans. (a) Kangaroo rat

78. Consider the following statements :

1. Some species of turtles are herbivores. 2. Some species of fish are herbivores.

3. Some species of marine mammals are herbivores. 4. Some species of snakes are viviparous.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

(a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 only (c) 2 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Ans. (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

79. Dogs are herbivores : – False

80. Plants growing on rocks are called :– Lithophytes

81. Which one of the following is an insectivorous plant?

(a) Passion flower plant (b) Pitcher plant (c) Night queen (d) Flame of the forest

Ans. (b) Pitcher plant

82. Which one of the following parts of the pitcher plants becomes modified into a pitcher?

(a) Stem (b) Leaf (c) Stipule (d) Petiole

Ans. (b) Leaf

83. Which one of the following is correctly matched?

(a) Yeast – Fermentation (b) Casein – Milk protein

Ans. (all)

84. Nependthes khasiana a rare and endangered plant is found in –

(a) Himachal Pradesh (b) Madhya Pradesh (c) Meghalaya (d) Uttar Pradesh

Ans. (c) Meghalaya

85. Turmeric is obtained from which part of the plant :

(a) Root (b) Stem (c) Fruit (d) Flower bud

Ans. (b) Stem

86. Which of the following is the eatable part of turmeric plant ?

(a) Root (b) Stem (c) fruit (d) Flower

Ans. (b) Stem

87. Which of the following underground produced vegetables is a modified root ?

(a) Potato (b) Sweet Potato (c) Bandda (d) Jimikand

Ans. (b) Sweet Potato

88. The storage organ of which of the following plants is not a stem ?

(a) Sugarcane (b) Ginger (c) Potato (d) Sweet potato

Ans. (d) Sweet potato

89. Which of the following is a stem?

(a) Turnip (b) Ginger (c) Carrot (d) Sweet potato

Ans. (b) Ginger

90. Ginger is a stem and not root because :

(a) it stores food material (b) it has nodes and internodes

Ans. (b) it has nodes and internodes

91. Match the following

A. Rhizome 1. Ginger

B. Tuber 2. Potato

C. Bulb 3.Garlic

D. Corm 4. Jimikand-suran

Ans :- 1 2 3 4

92. Which one of the following is a modified stem ?

(a) Carrot (b) Sweet potato (c) Coconut (d) Potato

Ans. (d) Potato

93. Potato is a :– Tuber

94. Pea plant is :– Herb

95. Clove is a :– Closed buds

96. A clove represents to which of the following?

(a) Terminal bud (b) Accessory bud (c) Flower bud (d) Vegetative bud

Ans. (c) Flower bud

97. ‘Cloves’ are :– Dried flowers

98. A plant bud is :– An embryonic shoot

99. Which of the following is correctly matched–

(a) Ginger – Rhizome (b) Saffron – flower (c) Opium – Opium capsule (d) Jute – Stem

Ans. (all)

100. Saffron is dried mixture of :– Seed forming parts of flower

101. In the following pairs of plants and their edible parts, which pair is correctly matched ?

(a) Ginger – Rhizome (b) Onion – Fleshy leaves (c) Potato – modified stem (d) Coconut – Endosperm

Ans. (all)

102. Which parts of potato is edible :- Stem

103. Which one of the following is a fruit –

(a) Potato (b) Radish (c) Ladies finger (d) Sweet Potato

Ans. (c) Ladies finger

104. Among the following, which is not a true fruit?

(a) Apple (b) Grape (c) Date (d) Plum

Ans. (a) Apple

105. The type of fruit in which lychee can be placed in :– Drupe

106. The characteristic odour of garlic is due to :– A sulphur compound

107. Peeling of onions causes tears as onions release :– Sulfenic acid

108. Pungency in chillies is due to the presence of :– Capsaicin

109. Red chillies are hot because these contain :- Capsaicin

110. The cause of sweet taste in fruits is :– Fructose

111. Which one of the following groups of organisms has significance in diagnosing the death by drowning?

(a) Lichens (b) Protozoa (c) Cyanobacteria (d) Diatoms

Ans. (d) Diatoms

112. The mulberry fruit is :- Sorosis

113. Which one of the following fibre is not a product of plant stem :

(a) Sunn (b) Hemp (c) Jute (d) Cotton

Ans. (d) Cotton

114. Which among the following is a man-made cereal?

(a) Secale cereal (b) Pomato (c) Triticale (d) None of the Above

Ans. (c) Triticale

115. In the nature, which of the following is/are most likely to be found surviving on a surface without soil?

1. Fern 2. Lichen 3. Moss 4. Mushroom

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

(a) 1 and 4 only (b) 2 only (c) 2 and 3 (d) 1, 3 and 4

Ans. (c) 2 and 3

116. Read the given statements–

Assertion (A) : The root systems of desert plants are longer.

Reason (R) : Roots grow in search of water.

Ans :- Both are correct

117. Deserts have phreatophytes, i.e., plants that have

(a) Succulent stem (100-200 mm thick) (b) Lipid accumulation (20-30 mg) in leaves

Ans. (c) Long (20-30 ft) tap roots

118. Plants adapted to dry climate are known as :– Xerophyte

119. Desert plants are generally :– Succulent

120. Epiphytes are plants which depend on other plants for :– Mechanical support

121. Plants which grow on saline soils are :– Halophytes

122. A hydrophyte is :– An aquatic plant

123. Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched?

(a) Cuscuta – stem parasite (b) Chandan – root parasite

Ans. (all)

124. Consider the following statements :

1. Weeping jelly is due to an excess of acid.

2. Acetobacter diazotrophicus most suited to sugarcane are rhizobium.

3. Plants grown in salt water are called halophyte .

4. Dormancy breaking hormone is cytokinin.

Ans. All are true

125. Work as intermediaries between biotic and abiotic components :– Producers

126. Which of the following is correctly matched :

(a) Autotroph – Producer (b) Heterotroph – Consumer

Ans. (all)

127. Trophic level-I includes :– Green plants

128. Consider the following kinds of organisms :

1. Copepods 2. Cyanobacteria 3. Diatoms 4. Foraminifera

Which of the above are primary producers in the food chains of oceans?

(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 (c) 3 and 4 (d) 1 and 4

Ans. (b) 2 and 3

129. Fishes survive under the frozen lake, because :- Water does not freeze near bottom

130. After bringing out of water fishes die, because :- They cannot breathe

131. Fish generally breathe through :- Gills

132. Redness in apple is due to :– Anthocyanin

133. Which accounts for the red colour of tomato :- Lycopene

134. The yellow colour of papaya is due to :- Caricaxanthin

135. Recently, our scientists have discovered a new and distinct species of banana plant which attains a height of about 11 metres and has orange-coloured fruit pulp. In which part of India has it been discovered?

(a) Andaman Islands (b) Anaimalai Forests

Ans. (a) Andaman Islands

136. Which of the following groups of living beings belong to the same species?

(a) Chinese, American, Indians and Black Africans (b) Tigers, Lions, and Cats

Ans. (a) Chinese, American, Indians and Black Africans

137. Yeast is an example of :- Fungus

138. Yeast and mushrooms are :- Fungi

139. Which of the following have species that can establish symbiotic relationship with other organisms?

1. Cnidarians 2. Fungi 3. Protozoa

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3

Ans. (d) 1, 2 and 3

140. ‘Mycorrhiza’ is a symbiotic association between :

(a) Algae and plants (b) Algae and fungi (c) Fungi and plants (d) Blue-green algae and fungi

Ans. (c) Fungi and plants

141. Lichens, which are capable of initiating ecological succession even on a bare rock, are actually a symbiotic association of :– Algae and fungi

142. The interaction between algae and fungi to form lichen is called :– mutualism

143. Nitrogen fixing bacteria present in the nodules of the root of leguminous plant are :– Symbiotic

144. Major component of cotton is :- Cellulose

145. Noscapine is obtained from :– Poppy

146. Heroin is obtained from :– Opium poppy

147. We get morphine from :– Fruit

148. Opium is obtained from :– Latex from unripe fruit

149. The main constituent of opium is :– Morphine

150. What is the botanical name of opium :- Papaver Somniferum

151. Opium is of which category medicine :- Depressant

🌱 TAXONOMY

🔹 Definition

🔹 Father of Taxonomy

🔹 Five Kingdom Classification (1969)

🦠 KINGDOM MONERA

🔹 Key Features

🔹 Examples

🔹 Special Points

🧫 KINGDOM PROTISTA

🔹 Key Features

🔹 Examples

🔹 Important

🍄 KINGDOM FUNGI

🔹 Key Features

🔹 Examples

🔹 Important Terms

🌿 KINGDOM PLANTAE

🔹 Key Features

🔹 Divisions

🔹 Special Plants

🔹 Important Facts

🐾 KINGDOM ANIMALIA

🔹 Key Features

🔹 Classification Highlights

🔹 Important Animals

🔹 Temperature Types

🌍 ECOLOGICAL ROLES

⚡ QUICK REVISION TABLE

FAQs

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